Q1. How Python is useful to build the robot? What software is required to build AI robot? To link python with robo software.
Ans. One of the most popular languages, Python, is extensively used by emerging tech developers as well as robotics researchers. In robotics, the language has become a key part of the robot operating system (ROS) and is used for designing the embedded systems. For instance, the embedded systems and exhaustive automation packages of Raspberry Pi and Arduino are designed using this language. Top 10 libraries that are used to perform these tasks are as follows: Robot Framework, Pyro, DART, PyRobot, PyDy, Simulation Open Framework Architecture, Klamp’t, Pybotics, Siconos, iDynTree.
Software Required to build AI robots: - 1. Robot Operating System (ROS) is a set of software libraries and tool that helps to build robot applications. You can write custom programs for ROS e.g. in C/C++ or Python. 2. MATLAB which is used for data analysis and interfaces with ROS (Octave is a fee, open-source equivalent to MATLAB)
The Raspberry Pi is used to link the python with robot software. The Raspberry Pi is a low cost, credit-card sized computer that plugs into a computer monitor or TV, and uses a standard keyboard and mouse. The Raspberry Pi Foundation specifically selected Python as the main language because of its power, versatility, and ease of use. Python comes preinstalled on Raspbian, so you'll be ready to start from the get-go.
Q2. How electrical engineering is used to build the robot? I mean which software is best to learn?
Ans. Electrical engineering helps in understanding the programming, control system, and power electronics of the robot. Electrical engineering deals with the power generation, transmission motor, and control system of the robot. The core subjects of electrical engineering such as electromagnetism, control system, circuit analysis, instrumentation, thermodynamics, and microprocessor, all help in understanding the intrinsic functioning of a robot. There are many electrical issues to deal with when creating a robot, such as: 1. Power supply for the motors 2. Power supply and communication with all the sensors 3. Power supply and communication with end effector tool (if robotic arm, for example) 4. Autonomous power supply for mobile robots or drones
Robot Operating System (ROS) is a set of software libraries and tools that helps you build robot `applications. ROS is a best software/framework to learn for creating robots. But to learn ROS you should have to learn programming languages such as C/C++ or Python.
Q3. Software to create a chip/circuit, which is would be used in our robot?
Ans. Silicon is the material of choice in the chip industry. Unlike the metals normally used to conduct electrical currents, silicon is a ‘semiconductor’, meaning that its conductive properties can be increased by mixing it with other materials such as phosphorus or boron. This makes it possible to turn an electrical current on or off. The good news is that it’s everywhere! Silicon is made from sand, and it is the second most abundant element on earth after oxygen. Silicon wafers are made using a type of sand called silica sand, which is made of silicon dioxide. The sand is melted and cast in the form of a large cylinder called an ‘ingot’. This ingot is then sliced into thin wafers.
There are two major chips used in any electronics device such as:
1.Logic Chips: These are the ‘brains’ of electronic devices. They process information to complete a task. Among Logic chips, CPU (Central Processing Units) are the original chips. But there are also processors with specific functionality in mind, such as GPUs (Graphical Processing Units, which are optimized for visual display) and NPUs (Neural Processing Units, designed for deep and machine learning applications).
2.Memory Chips: These chips store information. There are two types of memory chips: DRAM (Dynamic Random-Access Memory), which are the ‘working memory’ chips that only save data while the device’s power is turned on, and NAND Flash, which save data even after the devices is turned off. For example, DRAM helps to run programs on your device, whereas NAND stores your photos. Whereas DRAM is fast, NAND is slow to read and write data.
Chips enable applications such as virtual reality and on-device artificial intelligence (AI) as well as gains in data transfer such as 5G connectivity, and they’re also behind algorithms such as those used in deep learning.
Microcontrollers are the core of many robots. They have considerable processing power packed on to one chip, allowing lots of freedom for programmers. Microcontrollers are low level devices and it is common to program them using an assembly language, this provides a great deal of control over the hardware connected to the controller. Many manufacturers also provide high-level language compilers for their chips, including BASIC and C.
Q4. Where to buy robot parts, circuit parts as per our requirements? Any online India website which can help us in customization of robot parts from India as per our requirements.
Ans. A list of top 10 websites where you can order robots parts or electronic components in India.
Q5. How the mechanism of chip work. 1st we need to put some code in software of how your work flow from it from making to chip making.
Ans. Well, at the lowest level, a chip is made from transistors. These are TINY patches of silicon, with deliberate impurities to make them able to act as tiny switches. The transistors are built up into circuits by adding a layer of tiny wires to connect them up. Transistors are built into “Logic gates” that can do very simple logical operations:
- AND - if two input signals are both present, generate an output signal.
- OR - if either or both of the two input signals are present, generate an output signal.
- XOR - if only one of the input signals are present, but not the other, generate an output.
- NOT - which has just one input - and generates an output only if there is no signal on the input.
Each of those logic gates is just a couple of transistors. Logic gates can then be assembled to make things like “flip flops” which hold a single true/false value and remember it - or “one-bit adders” that can add two binary digits together and produce an output and a ‘carry’ bit. One-bit adders can be combined to make chunks of circuitry that can add two larger numbers together (or subtract them using a trick called “two’s complement arithmetic). We can also build things called “shifters” that can multiply a number by two, four, eight, sixteen, etc. A bunch of flip-flops can be put together to build a chunk of circuitry that can store an entire number - and a bunch of THOSE chunks can make a block of RAM memory that can hold many, many numbers.
From those adder and shifter blocks, you can build circuits that multiply and divide…and from those, we can make circuits that calculate things like sines and cosines and square roots. We can also make circuits that compare two numbers by subtracting one from the other and seeing whether the result is positive, zero or negative. Then, there is a whole bunch of control logic - which can tell these other large chunks of circuit to move a number from one place in RAM to another - or to add two numbers taken from RAM together and write them back into another place in RAM.
The final step is to use a number stored in RAM to tell the control logic what to do…so THAT number is a code that represents an instruction in a computer program. So maybe the number ‘1’ means “move a number from one place to another” and ‘2’ means “add two numbers” and ‘3’ means “compare two numbers”. After each instruction has been carried out, the circuit fetches the next instruction and carries that out too. If you do a comparison, you can tell that block of logic to start taking the next instruction from someplace else.
Q6. Is Python programming language enough to build robot for cleaning floors of house.
Ans. Yes Python programming language is enough to build robot for cleaning floors of house. Also, other programming languages like C/C++ can be used to make these kinds of robots. Python is the language that is used with the Raspberry Pi. This makes it highly relevant to robotics because you can use a Raspberry Pi to control a robot. Python is the easiest way to implement deep learning in robotics. Deep learning is the big trend in robotics nowadays, that robot can achieve human-like recognition skills and knowledge. Python has great support in deep learning framework, and you can implement Deep Learning in robotics easily. You can definitely do that to control the GPIO pins (which in turn would control your physical robot). On the other hand, if you are using an Arduino (and your Arduino robot is connected to a PC - for example, a robotic arm or a boom barrier or whatever), then you can use Python on your PC to directly control the pins on your Arduino using Firmata.
Q7. Do we need to learn extra electronics / robotics or we can order some ready robot ready to be set on python? Which Languages or Software is required… Explain with the steps of linking process? Like 1st you make code in …… software then gives for chip making…. Then apply python code etc. Give me the perfect steps of making robot with software
Ans. Yes, it’s possible to make a robot just by ordering its parts online but you should have a good knowledge of programming language. Although you need not require to learn some extra electronics but you should have some knowledge about robotics. You would probably suck at welding transistors, relays and such, but the main knowledge is attainable after some research. You can also buy some ready robots from online websites in these robots you just have to put programming instructions for working of the robot.
Programming a robot is an important step when building and testing robots. Instead of manually teaching every statement to a robot, you can write a script that calculates, records and simulates an entire robot program. That would allow you to quickly test and visualize your solution in simulation as well as refine the program and its logic.
Steps for Programming a Robot with Python: Step 1: Parts List 1. Raspberry PI (with monitor, USB hub, keyboard, mouse and WIFI Dongle) 2. Arduino UNO or compatible (USB cable) 3. Wi-Fi Router 4. Robot Base 5.MotorDriver 6. Power Distribution Board
Step 2: Introduction to Python Python is a general purpose interpreted, interactive, object-oriented, high-level programming language that was created by Guido van Rossum in the late eighties. Python allows users to write code with clear, readable syntax with a growing number of support libraries for various tasks that is open source and has a community based around its development. Here are some helpful links that might come in handy when starting out. Cheat Sheet Python Howto
Step 3: Python Installation and Setup In order to get our Python programs running we need to ensure first that Python is installed on our system along with the proper dependencies and verify the version we are using. Now If you are using " 2013-02-09-wheezy-raspbian.img " image or later on your Raspberry Pi, Python should be pre-installed. We can check our python version by using the terminal to verify. Copy and paste in the LXterm -> python –version If Python is not installed on your system you can use apt-get granted your Raspberry Pi is connected to the Internet. Copy and paste in the LXterm -> sudo apt-get install python2.6
Install some of the the dependencies sudo apt-get install python-serial
Copy paste in the LXterm
sudo apt-get install python python-tk idle python-pmw python-imaging
Next download and place the following files to your pi folder. Now we have to make the programs executable with a chmod command
Copy and paste in LXterm sudo chmod +x /home/pi/scanports-arduino.py
sudo chmod +x /home/pi/term.py
sudo chmod +x /home/pi/Buttons.py
The programs should now be executable and we can run them by double clicking them or via terminal. The last step is to download and load the sketch with the Arduino IDE. Arduino Robot Base Sketch
If you are unfamiliar with Arduino and its IDE you can read up on it here.
Arduino
Step 4: Teleoperation VNC (Virtual Network Computing) is one way we can control and monitor a computers desktop from another computer over a network. Which in our case is going to be useful for wireless remote teleoperation of the robot and basic control of Raspberry Pi. In order to complete this task we will need a wireless router and a wifi dongle connected to the Raspberry PI as well as a separate computer to control the robot through VNC. Setting up your Raspberry pi with VNC ..
Copy and paste into LXterm
sudo apt-get install tightvncserver
After it is installed we can start the service with
Copy and paste into LXterm
vncserver :1 -geometry 1280x800 -depth 16 -pixelformat rgb565
The first time you run the vncserver you may be asked to create a password to authenticate connection if not use the following command.
Copy and Paste into LXterm
vncpasswd
After the password is set its time to login to the sever with the other computer.There are a many VNC Client programs for most OS's, but I will be using Ultravnc on a Windows machine. You can download the program here
Ultravnc Download
Once the program is installed and running we just need to input the raspberry Pi's IP and verify our password to connect to it. The IP can be found by using the command line on the Raspberry Pi.
Copy and paste into LXterm
ip addr show
It will be the number before the / after the topic " inet "
***Remember that the Raspberry Pi and the windows machine need to be on the same network/router. ***
Once you are logged in to the Raspberry Pi you can now interact with the desktop as you normally would but with a very slight delay. With this option you can now interact with the Raspberry Pi wirelessly to perform all sorts of tasks from teleoperation to writing code and reprogramming the robot. You can also use SSH (Secure Shell ) over Raspberry Pi to start the VNCServer that way you don't have to launch it form the Raspberry PI you can just power on your Raspberry Pi without the need for the monitor and keyboard connected to the robot. To achieve this, you can follow this great tutorial on setting up Putty and VNC on Raspberry Pi.
For a complete and practical detail you can see tutorial on YouTube.
Q8. How to fix camara on robot for object detection, example for floor cleaning we need to make a robot who can work based on the object programming, so what software’s are required in it to learn?
Ans. The camera takes a picture of the working area or object the robot will grip, and software searches the image for features that let it determine position and orientation. This intelligent robot vision generates information that is sent to the robot controller, and the programmed positions are updated. Depending on the application, the camera might be mounted on the robot or could be in a fixed position within the cell. Calibration is usually needed to relate the vision system coordinate space to the robot. Robot companies like FANUC offer vision-guided robotic systems with vision software tightly integrated with the robot controller, simplifying programming and use.
Many applications only need X- and Y-axis information, plus rotation — this is easily extracted from an image. Sometimes, though, it's important to have height information, too, for example, when unloading a pallet, especially if the cartons or bags differ in size, or when picking parts from a bin. There are several ways to get height information, such as using stereo cameras.
However, in many cases, laser triangulation or part size are the best options. In laser triangulation, height is derived from the line position projected onto the target surface and viewed from an angle by a camera. One limitation, though, is that either the part or the laser line must move. Alternatively, when the part size is known, camera distance can be determined by the part’s appearance in size. This technique is common in vision-guided de-palletizing.
To set up a camera on robot you can make it by itself or can be done by robotic camera kits that are available on different websites.
How to Install Robotic Camera Kit for Robots
- Download and Unzip the UCC-X.X.X file on the provided 16 GB USB stick
- Place the camera where how want to setup
- Align the dowel pin
- Place the tool plate on the camera
- Align the dowel pin
- Fix the end effector on the robot arm using M6 screws (not provided)
- Fix the camera using M6 X 12 mm screws and lock washers
- Place the 2-Finger Gripper directly on the camera also align the dowel pin
- Fix using provided M5 X 35 screws and lock washers
- Connect the black (0v) wire
- Connect the red (24v) wire
- Connect the 4 ports USB hub in the controller
- Connect the license dongle in the USB hub
- Connect the camera USB cable in the hub
- Turn on the robot controller
- Connect the 16 GB USB stick in the USB hub
- Now install robotic vision URCap
- After that you may require installation mount point that are provided by that company
- Visit the website https://robotiq.com/support for more information.
If you want to program a camera by itself
Controlling a robotic camera can be multiple programming languages like HTML, CSS, JavaScript & Node JS. Python is used in all kinds of applications on mac, PC and Linux even raspberry PI's
you can run Python on so if we talking about Node JS and python generally for our computer programming servers that are going to interact with our IP connected robotic camera. Now right
before get into I want to tell you something about GitHub. So, GitHub is a social coding networking website where all coders are available with their codes in one of them PTZ optics is managing and
maintaining an open-source camera control code currently. Where you can connect with different coders of the world, they will help you in your project
Q9. How to merge python data in android studio for APK file for android app?
Ans. Android applications are to be operated on the Android Operating System. To start Android app development with Python, there are various platforms that enable us to write the codes purely in Python. We can use python for web development, app development, analysis and computation of scientific and numeric data and software development.
Following are some of the platforms for Python Android Development:
And there are some more tools that help us write code that can run on the Android operating system. All these platforms generate a native source code for their supported platforms. The native codes that are generated are similar to hand written code and they can be easily optimized by with the help of native compilers. Though Android app development using Python is possible, it won’t be as efficient as Android apps that are developed by using Java. As we all know that Java is the official language for Android as it was declared by Google. Java for Android is like the Standard of Android, and other languages that we use might not be as up to the mark as Java. Let us see some of the issues that might arise: 1. These frameworks might not support every feature of Android operating System.
2. Own tools cannot be used always.
3. These codes might not run very fast as they first generate the native code which are then optimized by using the native compilers.
4. Sometimes the High-level graphics might not be supported and at times it is possible that 2-D/3-D graphic support is not there.
Merge python data in android studio for APK file for android app
Let’s take an example that we want to Deploy Machine Learning (ML) Model on Android.
Workflow of Machine Learning project on Android When we deploy machine learning on a website, the basic workflow is implementing the model in any Python IDE, extracting it using a pickle module, and with help of any web framework flask or streamlit to deploy in form of the web app. here the complete implementation from frontend to the backend is in Python. Now when deploying Machine learning in android there is a little bit of modification in the above workflow. First, we have a model, we pickle it. For implementing Android apps java is popular and working with android studio java is mostly preferred so here our frontend will depend on java and in middle we have to implement a Flask API which is our machine learning model whose output will be in JSON format (JSON is a universal format which any programming language can understand) and through java android app we will hit at Flask API whose response is in JSON and we will parse this JSON and print it in android frontend.
Prerequisite to implement workflow of Machine Learning on Android
The above workflow sounds a little bit difficult while reading meanwhile I hope that through the diagram it is clear and when you will implement it through the article it will completely fit your mind.
- The first thing you should know is the basics of a flask.
- If you know the basics of Android it is very good.
Hands-on Implementation of Machine Learning on Android I am taking a very simple problem statement where we have to predict a particular student will be placed or not using CGPA, IQ, and profile score. It is a toy dataset. here our main aim is to learn how to take Machine learning on android not on building a model. You can find a dataset here. Building a Machine learning model This part is straightforward. First, we load a dataset, with a little bit of preprocessing we use a random forest algorithm to train the data on, and we save the model in pickle format. Built Flask API A user will enter information in the form and while submitting the form it will receive the POST request. And on making a post request Flask API will accept the data entered by a user and pass it to the machine learning model which will predict the output class. The predicted class we will pass to the android app in form of JSON Test Application using Postman Postman is an automatic and interactive tool used to verify APIs of your project. It is Google chrome App that connects with HTTP API. It works at the backend and allows you to check that your API is working fine as per our requirements. By providing the URL of your running flask API and inserting data in the key and value section you can hit your API and get the desired response. Create Android App Install and setup Android Project To work with Android programming first you need Android studio. If you have not installed it then please follow this link to download Android studio. The download is straightforward, only the studio size is large near about 1GB. After installation start the Android studio and you will have an option of a new project. Click on the new project and you need to select any activity. select the empty activity and proceed to next where you need to define the name and storage folder of your project. have a look at the below images for any queries on selection. After changing the name of the project keep the rest of things as default, and check finish. As Android studio is a little bit slow so for setting up your project will take a little time so please wait patiently till it set all files of the project.
Create Android UI We know that UI is always created in an XML file. Open the XML file named activity main and here we will build a complete frontend UI. You can use the below code snippet. First, we have given the title of the project, three input fields for respective columns, and one button to submit and get results. Run your UI using AVD AVD stands for Android Virtual device using which you can run your application on android which will look the same as your mobile phone. In the top-right corner visit the AVD section and select pixel-5. Click next and select the virtual device through which it will run. you can download Android-Q and click next. You will get the window to name a device and click finish. finally, when you can your device run it using the play button and it will start an AVD where your UI will run. After that run the file where we just coded and see the changes in AVD. Connectivity of API to Android APP Now you have to write its backend working in java. The logic we have to implement is you will take the inputs from the android app, hit the API, and the response from the API display back in the Android app. So, there is one problem that the API we have implemented is running locally on your system which the Android app cannot detect. So, we need to deploy our API online and we will use Heroku for this task.
Deploy API to Heroku Login to Heroku and create New app by giving it a unique name. You can deploy your GUI using Heroku CLI or GitHub. In our Flask tutorial, we have seen deployment on Heroku in detail and what files you need to create. You need requirements and Procfile. the content of this file you can copy from the below snippets. In the requirements text file, you need to install the following four libraries.
- flask
- numpy
- sklearn
- gunicorn
Procfile contains only a single line code to initialize the web app.
Connect API to Internet To hit API we need one library named Volley. So, to install Volley visit In Gradle scripts in your project directory, and open the build Gradle file and write below one line of code that will install the required library. As you click on sync now on the top right it will start installing required libraries in the project directory. Now to hit the API which is on Heroku you will also need internet permission to open the Manifest file and include the below line of code. Now we need to include the last bit of code where we use Volley to hit our API. first, you need to create one string request object and define a POST request on Heroku URL.
Write backend logic in java We have designed our UI, now we need to write backend logic to accept data from the frontend in a java file. The flow is where we have to accept all the three values from the android app and when it clicks predict button, we have to hit API and ret JSON response. keeping all the imports as it is, you can follow the below code from class in the Main Activity java file. Now if you run your application on AVD, it will run fine on Android. Now the APK file is generated, how you can fetch and install the application on your mobile phone. Visit Android studio, then to build, click on build bundle and click build an APK. It will automatically generate an APK file. If you click on locate then it will give you the location of download and through USB you can take it in your Mobile device.
Q10. What is the simple python code for making a website link apk and put in an android studio apk, kindly guide steps for it?
Ans. Making a website link apk by writing code: http://www.codebind.com/android-tutor... Website apk without coding Open the Website App Template Follow "Create App Now" button. Or visit AppsGeyser.com and find the Website App template Insert the Website link Insert your site link. Check if you copied the full address. You can convert your homepage or any other URL on your website to apk now. Add Social tabs Add links to your Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and Blog pages. This way users will be able to get a fast access to your social pages. You can easily skip this step and move to the next one. Name your App Write the name of your app. Copy-paste the name of your website or come up with something new. Don't forget to add keywords to make your app more searchable for Android users. Upload the Icon Submit your own logo or choose the default one. Make it clean and simple. Publish App on App Markets You can download your APK file and publish it on Google Play or any other app store for Android. Share your app with as many users as possible!
Steps to Export an .apk
- Right click your project -> Select Android tools -> Export Signed application package -> Next
- Choose create new keystore -> set the new location using browse -> and give new name for key also
- give the password & confirm the password also -> Next
- Give alias name -> give new or old password & confirm the password also -> fill validity -> and below makes one column to fill -> Next
- set the .apk file's destination to existing location or new location -> Finish
Q11. I want to start learning python, machine learning, AI for Offline house hold work, so kindly suggest me top free course link to learn from YT or if you have some courses then kindly do share it. [Hindi or English]
Ans. Here are the best YouTube channels to learn Python programming for beginners:
In Hindi 1) CodeWithHarry: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCeVM... 2) MySirG.com: https://www.youtube.com/user/saurabhe... 3) Apna College: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCBwm... 4) Geeky Shows: https://www.youtube.com/user/GeekyShow1 5) Harshit vashisth: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCrkQ... 6) LearnVern: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCGlU...
These channels are the Best Machine Learning YouTube Channels which are mainly Focusing on Machine Learning Content.
1) Simplilearn: https://www.youtube.com/user/Simplilearn
2) Siraj Raval: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCWN3...
3) Sendex: https://www.youtube.com/user/sentdex
4) Welch labs: https://www.youtube.com/user/Taylorns34
5) freeCodeCamp.org -https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC8bu...
5 best YouTube channels for learning Artificial Intelligence. 1) Artificial intelligence: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmdi... 2) Intelligent: https://www.youtube.com/c/Intellipaat 3)Tutorials space- Er.Deepak Garg - https://www.youtube.com/c/tutorialsspace 4) Well Academy - https://www.youtube.com/c/WellAcademy1 5) Edureka - https://www.youtube.com/c/edurekaIN
Q12. Where I can learn Electronics for AI base robot building?
Ans. An electronics class is always a good place to start, there could be a community college course for not too much money. It will be long journey to learn Electronics circuits. Best thing is look out for an institute in your area who teaches the electronics and start learning. First have understanding of devices etc. Another option is to learn online. There are many websites offering information and education in basic electronics up to intermediate and advanced levels.
Education - All About Circuits Transistors - learn.sparkfun.com Adafruit Learning System
Further to this I would look at a device known as the Raspberry Pi (or the Arduino). eBay is a good source for these and any project materials. This is an extremely cheap project PCB for programming and learning most of today's common functions i.e., Audio, RGB video, HDMI, automation, USB control, Serial comms (RS232), etc. The features on board are incredible for the price and there's literally nothing you can't do with it. It’s ideal for Robotics and building any circuit driven device you can imagine. YouTube is also a great resource for the Arduino as are sites like this one:
1) Jeremy Blum: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4KXPjmKwPutGjwFZsEXB5g 2) freeCodeCamp.org: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC8bu...
3) Arduino: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUpmmT1Gm_raVpqSvQYyd2Q
Q13. What suggestion you would like to give me for it.
Ans. If you want to make a robot for house cleaning than you should learn some basic of any programming language that are used for controlling the robots. For making robots some basic information of electronic components is required so that if you order any parts you should at least know where to connect these components. Although you can make all parts by itself by learning throw course available on YouTube or on websites. If you don’t know so much about coding you can place your project on GitHub where you can find many contributors for your project or may done it by hiring the professionals. Three basic components you should know before making a project: 1.The Controller - also known as the "brain" which is run by a computer program. Often, the program is very detailed as it gives commands for the moving parts of the robot to follow.
2.Mechanical parts - motors, pistons, grippers, wheels, and gears that make the robot move, grab, turn, and lift. These parts are usually powered by air, water, or electricity.
3.Sensors - to tell the robot about its surroundings. Sensors allow the robot to determine sizes, shapes, space between objects, direction, and other relations and properties of substances. Many robots can even identify the amount of pressure necessary to apply to grab an item without crushing it.
You can practice with Arduino Uno which is very basic to any automation or electronics projects. With this device you can implement your codes directly to the circuits and its easy to learn and less costly.
You can make robot easily by learning its complete process.
Q14. How to put python code into electronics circuit and put circuit work in automation
Ans. Python code can be put into the electronics circuit by Arduino. Arduino is an open-source platform composed of hardware and software that allows for the rapid development of interactive electronics projects. The emergence of Arduino drew the attention of professionals from many different industries, contributing to the start of the Maker Movement. With the growing popularity of the Maker Movement and the concept of the Internet of Things, Arduino has become one of the main platforms for electronic prototyping and the development of MVPs. Arduino uses its own programming language, which is similar to C++. However, it’s possible to use Arduino with Python or another high-level programming language. In fact, platforms like Arduino work well with Python, especially for applications that require integration with sensors and other physical devices. All in all, Arduino and Python can facilitate an effective learning environment that encourages developers to get into electronics design. If you already know the basics of Python, then you’ll be able to get started with Arduino by using Python to control it. The Arduino platform includes both hardware and software products.
Arduino Software
In addition to hardware components, you’ll need to install some software. The platform includes the Arduino IDE, an Integrated Development Environment for programming Arduino devices, among other online tools. Arduino was designed to allow you to program the boards with little difficulty. In general, you’ll follow these steps:
- Connect the board to your PC
- Install and open the Arduino IDE
- Configure the board settings
- Write the code
- Press a button on the IDE to upload the program to the board
To install the Arduino IDE on your computer, download the appropriate version for your operating system from the Arduino website. Check the documentation for installation instructions:
- If you’re using Windows, then use the Windows installer to ensure you download the necessary drivers for using Arduino on Windows. Check the Arduino documentation for more details.
- If you’re using Linux, then you may have to add your user to some groups in order to use the serial port to program Arduino. This process is described in the Arduino install guide for Linux.
- If you’re using macOS, then you can install Arduino IDE by following the Arduino install guide for OS X.
There are various types of Arduino boards available such as Arduino Uno, Arduino Mega, Arduino Nano, Arduino Pro Mini, etc. which are used to build small electronics projects for students to large scale industry products. Arduino's powerful features are a good fit for popular segment of applications - home automation. There is a large scope of home automation applications that we can build by using the Arduino board.
Q15. For it do I need to learn any other programming language like JAVA or C++?
Ans. It depends upon some factors like: 1. If you just want to get one robot up and running
If you're only using a single robot for your business, the best language to learn is the one that will get you up and running as soon as possible. In this case, you might not even need to learn a programming language. For example, with hand guiding technology you can move a collaborative robot around manually. No text-based programming required.
2. If you want to start a career in robotics
The most important thing for career roboticists is to develop "The Programming Mindset" rather than to be proficient in one specific language.
In many ways, it doesn't really matter which programming language you learn first. Each language that you learn develops your proficiency with the programming mindset and makes it easier to learn any new language whenever it's required.
In this case, learn whichever language makes the most sense for your next project. If you know at least one language that’s enough if you need any language to learn in future than it’s easy to learn.
Top 10 Popular Programming Languages in Robotics:
- C/C++
- Python
- Java
- C#/.net
- MATLAB
- HDLs
- LISP/Prolog
- Industrial Programming Languages
- Scratch
- Pascal
For making a robot you should learn only one of them any language but in future perspective you may need to learn some other languages.
Q16. Kindly guide for the Robot Design
Ans. There are many software available used by industries to design and create robots’ parts some of them are as follows:
1. Solidworks: As Wikipedia says, Solidworks is a solid modeling design software, which is published by Dassault Systems. It is the same group of companies which makes the ** controversial Rafale Jets. Anyways, Solidworks has been around for almost 25 years now, so we can say it’s quite a mature software. And over these 25 years, it has been grown a lot with many feature additions over time and it has been the Industry favorite right from the start, due to the lack of options. And the company has used this lack of competition to put up an unrealistic price over the license of the software. Even the student version of the software costs around 10k Rs for just one year. Which is too much for an average student to bear for just a software. Also, it is quite difficult for beginners to learn. Due to these two major factors, I don't personally prefer Solidworks.
2. Blender: So yet again as Wikipedia says, Blender is a free and open-source software toolset used for designing, creating animations, visual effects, etc. Blender is a really good software that is widely used in the animation and VFX industry. But the major strength of blender turns out to be its own weakness for robot designing. As blender is used in animations, it is a really good sculpting software. You can make really cool looking organic shapes using Blender. But when it comes to mechanical designing, Blender lacks a lot of properties. The results obtained by Blender for robot designing are not quite satisfactory and also doesn't meet the industry standards. But I must say, it is a software worth learning, to give really cool aesthetic effects to your models.
3. URDF: Which is directly supported by ROS. You might have not heard about this before, but URDF stands for Unified Robot Description Format. It is an XML file format that is used to describe your robot's structure to ROS simulation environment. As the name suggests, it is a detailed description of your robot right from the information about the links and joints, to its inertial and mass values and also friction and everything. Also, no matter which platform you use for designing your robot, at the end, it is necessary to convert it into URDF so as to use it in ROS simulation. But designing a robot from scratch in URDF is really a tiring process. It also limits you from using complex structures which can be easily done in any dedicated designing software. You can definitely import meshes to make complex structures of your robot, but then aligning the links, takes a lot of time. And that's the only reason I don't recommend directly making your robot in URDF. These were the few top Robot Designing Software options. But before getting to the Best software, here are a few honorable mentions:
TinkerCAD Autodesk Inventor Autodesk Maya Catia PTC Creo Autodesk 123D Design
Top companies which makes robots and its parts: Anduril Skydio Zipline Outrider Shapeways Nuro Piaggio Fast Forward Diligent Robotics Boston Dynamics Bluefin Robotics Applied Aeronautics Left Hand Robotics Righthand Robotics Dronesense Harvest Automation
Q17. Also let me know the role of Google in Machine learning, can we use its software or anything tool to make robo ?
Ans. Google has its own machine learning course and it's free and it looks pretty good. It's taught by google researchers and if you look at the contents it looks pretty good. So, if you're looking for a machine learning course and there are so many different ones to choose from and you don't want to risk spending any money to start with this could be a very good place to start. There are some prerequisites that you'll need so we'll cover those. It contains real world case studies which is very useful because it's applying machine learning to practical situations that can be tricky, so this is the course. For this course you're gonna need to know python you if you've never programmed before learn python or the basics of python first and that needs to include numpy and pandas and you're going to need some maths. Till date google don’t provide any direct software for robotics. But Google’s parent Alphabet unveiled a new “moonshot” project to develop software for robotics which could be used in wide range of industries. To expand beyond its main search and advertising business, Google in 2015 established Alphabet as a holding company overseeing various “other bets”, ranging from its autonomous vehicle unit to helium balloons that provide solar-powered internet services in remote areas. Google is the master of all. It takes advantage of machine learning algorithms and provides customers with a valuable and personalized experience. Machine learning is already embedded in its services like Gmail, Google Search and Google Maps.
Some YouTube Channels link from where you can take some idea for making Robot House Cleaning Project
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC-BwprrMqmpQXvArJWNaKTA
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCIuVtg0zEC_ISw0LNzPiJMw
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCfCg55G3CZJFQdm9mZ50_CA
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Process of making Robot
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Process
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Skills Required/Freelancer
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Intention of the robot.
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Get information about parts of Robot
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Electrnocis/Electrical/Mechanical Engineering
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Draw the Ciruit of the Robot
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Electronics Engineer
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Draw the blockdiagram of the Robot
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Mechanical/Electronics skills
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Order or Customize the parts through online sources
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element14.com
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Connect all parts to build a Robot
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Electrical Engineer
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To give Robot insturctions or automation add necessary code
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Software developer/Specific Language expert using Robot
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Add code to the IDE that are you using
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Software developer
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Test the Robot on different things
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Electronics/Mechanical Enginner
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After testing compeletion robot will work perfectly
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Detailed Answers on Creation
Q1. What are Libraries?
Ans. Library is simply a library as the real one. When you need a book to read, what will you do? You just simply go to library and take the book you need.
Same in the case of programming languages libraries. Since they are collection of codes, we took the code we require during writing a program. Actual existing library are collection of books while programming language libraries are collection of code. In book libraries you took the book and in programming language libraries you took the code which you required for your program.
A library very simply is a collection of reusable code with a well-defined and documented interface. The format the library will take depends entirely on the language that the library is implemented in and the operating system that the library is deployed on - it could be anything from one-to-many files in a variety of formats - for instance:
- .py or .pyc or .zip files for a Python library
- .jar file for a Java library;
- .so file (i.e., compiled into machine code in an object format) for languages such C/C++ on Linux/MacOS
- .dll filed (compiled into machine code in an object format) for code in C/C++ on Windows.
It is also entirely possible - depending on how the target executable will be built - for a library to only exist as a separate entity on the build system - some object libraries are intended to be ‘statically linked’ - i.e., built into the final executable as opposed to being delivered to the target system.
Q2. Are above names software that created using python or they act as a connecter between robot and remote control ?
Ans. Of course these libraries are made up in python language just to ruse the code again and again. Yes, these libraries and software acts as connector between robot and remote control but these all libraries have their different work to build a robot.
1| Robot Framework About: Robot Framework is a generic open-source automation framework for acceptance testing, acceptance test-driven development (ATDD), and robotic process automation (RPA). The core framework is implemented using Python – it supports both Python 2 and Python 3 – and runs also on Jython (JVM), IronPython (.NET) and PyPy. Robot Framework is open and extensible and can be integrated with virtually any other tool to create powerful and flexible automation solutions. Means to automate a robot this library is used. Know more here.
2| Pyro About: Python Remote Objects – or Pyro – is a library that enables you to build applications in which objects can talk to each other over the network, with minimal programming effort. Written in Python, this toolbox works between different system architectures and operating systems. It provides a set of powerful features that enables you to build distributed applications rapidly and effortlessly. Know more here.
3| DART About: Dynamic Animation and Robotics Toolkit – or DART – is a collaborative, cross-platform, open-source library that provides data structures and algorithms for kinematic and dynamic applications in robotics and computer animation. The library is distinguished by its accuracy and stability due to its use of generalised coordinates to represent articulated rigid body systems and Featherstone’s Articulated Body Algorithm to compute the dynamics of motion. DART also provides efficient computation of Jacobian matrices for arbitrary body points and coordinate frames. The library was created by the Graphics Lab and Humanoid Robotics Lab at Georgia Institute of Technology with ongoing contributions from the Personal Robotics Lab at the University of Washington and Open-Source Robotics Foundation. Know more here.
4| PyRobot About: PyRobot is a Python library for benchmarking and running experiments in robot learning. It is a combination of two popular Python libraries, i.e., Requests and BeautifulSoup. It can be used to drive applications that don’t provide an API or any way of hooking into them programmatically. This library will allow you to run robots without having to deal with the robot specific software along with enabling better comparisons. Know more here.
5| PyDy About: Python Dynamics or PyDy is a tool kit written in the Python programming language that utilises an array of scientific programs to enable the study of multibody dynamics. The toolkit helps a user to perform visualisation, model specification, simulation, benchmarking, among others in their workflows. Know more here.
6| Simulation Open Framework Architecture About: SOFA is an open-source library and an efficient framework dedicated to research, prototyping and development of physics-based simulations. The library primarily focuses on real-time simulation, with an emphasis on medical simulation. The advanced software architecture of this framework allows the creation of complex and evolving simulations by combining new algorithms with existing algorithms, synthesis of complex models from simpler ones using a scene-graph description, among others. Know more here.
7| Klamp’t About: Kris’ Locomotion and Manipulation Planning Toolbox or Klamp’t is an open-source, cross-platform software package for robot modelling, simulating, planning, optimisation, and visualisation. The library aims to provide an accessible, wide range of programming tools for learning robotics, analysing robots, developing algorithms, and prototyping intelligent behaviours.
Some of the features of this tool are:
- Simulation of various sensors including RGB+D cameras, laser sensors, gyroscopes, force/torque sensors, and accelerometers
- Many sampling-based motions planners implemented
- Supports legged and fixed-based robots
- Contact mechanics computations: force closure, support polygons, the stability of rigid bodies and actuated robots
Know more here.
8| Pybotics About: Pybotics is an open-source Python toolbox for robot kinematics and calibration. The toolbox was mainly designed to provide a simple, clear, and concise interface to quickly simulate and evaluate common robot concepts, such as kinematics, dynamics, trajectory generations, and calibration. Know more here.
9| Siconos About: Currently distributed under Apache Licenses, Siconos is an open-source scientific software primarily targeted at modelling and simulating nonsmoothed dynamical systems. Written in C++ and Python, this software package can be used for modelling and simulation of dynamic systems. Know more here.
10| iDynTree About: iDynTree is a library of robot dynamics algorithms for control, estimation and simulation. The library is written in C++ language and supports several other languages including Python, MATLAB, among others. To use the library in Python language, you need to add the PYTHONPATH environment variable to the install path of the iDynTree.py file.
Q3. Are Raspberry Pi and Arduino called the green chip circuit? are they enough to make big robot or not? can we use multiple of them in various set to program a big robot? from where can we order like such circuit to make such robot?
Ans. Yes it can be said that Raspberry Pi and Arduino are called green chip circuit. Because its configuration is made on these green chips. Although these are not chips these are like small board as shown in the figure:
The Raspberry Pi is a low cost, credit-card sized computer that plugs into a computer monitor or TV, and uses a standard keyboard and mouse. It is a capable little device that enables to explore computing, and to learn how to program in languages like Scratch and Python. It’s capable of doing everything you’d expect a desktop computer to do, from browsing the internet and playing high-definition video, to making spreadsheets, word-processing, and playing games. What’s more, the Raspberry Pi has the ability to interact with the outside world, and has been used in a wide array of digital maker projects, from music machines and parent detectors to weather stations and tweeting birdhouses with infra-red cameras. We want to see the Raspberry Pi being used by kids all over the world to learn to program and understand how computers work. the raspberry pi board is the size of a credit card, which makes the perfect for embedding it to the robots. You are not required to finding the extra space or else adding the 2KG payload, Microcontroller Programming and the raspberry pi can just fit.
In order to, it is small in size, and you may not underestimate what a raspberry pi can do. It is powerful as a smartphone. In this latest vision on the market, Raspberry pi 3 can use a quad-core processor and 1GB RAM. You will run a real OS on its Raspberry pi. Such as Ubuntu, raspbian or else window IoT. So basically, you will do the same things you will have done your laptop. For example, you will run the software such as Minecraft or else wolfram on a Raspberry Pi with Raspbian. There is many software that is doing a better job, so you may require to program the calculations yourself.
Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing something online. You can tell your board what to do by sending a set of instructions to the microcontroller on the board. To do so you use the Arduino programming language (based on Wiring), and the Arduino Software (IDE), based on Processing.
Both Raspberry Pi and Arduino are enough to make from small robots to large robots. Which board is best to make a technically efficient robot: It depends on your level of proficiency and requirement? If you need to control your robotic locally (without any network) undoubtfully Arduino is the best option. If your robotic application depends on high end image processing and computation then Raspberry pi is the better option.
It also depends on the type of motor you will use. If servo motor is used in the robotic application then Arduino can be used. Raspberry pi sucks at controlling multiple motors, especially if the control signals are PWM. Raspberry pi doesn’t have a hardware PWM. Since RPi runs a Linux operating system, the Linux Kernel won't be able to send exact time pulse in GPIOs as it has to handle multiple operations.
Ultimately, if you want to develop a killer robotic application with high end processing such as Image processing, getting data from the internet server (IoT) and also if your application has a multiple motor to control, then you can make use of both Raspberry Pi and Arduino. In such scenarios, RPi can be used to do computations and send control signals to Arduino via Serial [1] or Bluetooth. The received control signal should be interpreted by Arduino to send exact time pulse (PWM) to the motors.
You can use multiple of like these boards to program your robots. These boards can be used for different tasks in a same robot just to increase their productivity.
Top websites from where you can order these boards or circuit: 1."element14"(Most Recommended)
2.RSComponents 3.Digikey 4.Farnell/Newark
Q4. From where we can learn ROS? As you suggested me python training videos, kindly do send me the ROS.
Ans. Here is the popular video tutorial playlist from YouTube for learning ROS. 1. Free ROS Video Tutorials and book from ROBOTIS
These videos are good for beginners. Make sure you have some basic ideas about Linux terminal commands, C++, and Python before following this tutorial. The best thing is, these tutorials are based on a FREE eBook, so you can follow that book if you have any confusion in the following videos. 2. ROS Tutorials from Chris Fauerbach
These video tutorials are based on ROS wiki tutorials. This will help you to understand the tutorials mentioned in ROS Wiki. The videos easy to understand and he is explaining each step. 3. ROS Tutorials from Justin Huang
These video tutorials are very straight forward. The instructor is clearly mentioning about ROS and its concepts. It’s very easy to understand and audio quality is also good. 4. Programming for Robotics: ROS Tutorials from ETH Zurich
The whole tutorials are organized in a structured way. The tutorials are a little old, but the ROS concepts are the same. I don’t think this course will be apt for absolute beginners, but if you have some understanding of ROS, then you can watch these tutorials. 5. ROS and Raspberry Pi Tutorial from Tiziano Fiorenzani
These videos are useful for people looking for ROS and Raspberry Pi. The presentation is good, and you will get the basics of ROS and how to work with Raspberry Pi and ROS. 6. ROS Basic Tutorials from Shawn Chen
These tutorials are very structured and I think people can easily understand his tutorials. Most of the videos are based on ROS wiki tutorials. 7. ROS in 5 days from Construct
These videos are good for understanding ROS concepts. The constructsim is a company that provides an online portal to work with ROS. All of their tutorials are based on their platform. So as a beginner, people may confuse with the actual PC environment and their web platform. I only prefer this person who already has a ROS environment in their PC. There is some issue with voice and all, but you will understand concepts. 8. Hello World with ROS Course from edx This is an official course in edx for learning ROS. This is an intermediate level course, so you should have an understanding of Linux, Python, and C++ in order to pursue this course. You have to pay in order to get the certificate but free to enroll and audit the course.
If you want to explore more: 1. ROS books, you can check this link 2. ROS courses, you can check this link
Q5. Is ROS similar like python or it is different language. Does python useful in ROS coding or it uses different coding system?
Ans. Robot Operating System or simply ROS is a framework which is used by hundreds of Companies and techies of various fields all across the globe in the field of Robotics and Automation. It provides a painless entry point for nonprofessionals in the field of programming Robots. ROS is developed and maintained by a Californian company, Willow Garage, formed in 2006 by Scott Hassan, one of Google's first employees who was involved in the development of search engine technology and who was also behind Yahoo! Groups (groups, in fact, which became Yahoo! Groups).
Robot Operating System is mainly developed using 2 languages: C++ and Python. Those are often the most preferred and used languages when developing robotics applications. You will use the roscpp library to write C++ code, and the rospy library to write Python code. So, yes python is useful in ROS coding with this language all robotics applications can be done easily and efficiently.
Q6. From where we can order the chips you described above? How to analyze the quality of those chips? How to do quick test of those chips
What are the major source of supplier for those chips? Would it be readily available? Would it be custom made?
Ans. These chips can be easily ordered from the electronics components selling website. The availability of these chips is based on your demand. Although maximum chips have already in market that are used to make robot. But if you want to customize these chips according to your demand than you can also give an order on these website for customization of these chips.
10 Electronic Components Online Stores
Digikey Digi-Key is one of the best electronic component’s distributors worldwide. Digi-Key provides a huge collection of in-stock electronic components and the finest service to the customers by helping engineers during the whole design procedure from sample to manufacture. Their support & service responds to customer requirements. It is unique in a lot of ways that convert into superior service to customers. Please refer to this link to place an order of electronic components – DigiKey
Sparkfun
The SFE or Spark Fun Electronics is an electronics dealer company located in Niwot, Colorado, United States. It makes & sells different types of breakout, electronic components, and microcontroller boards. All these products are open-source hardware. In addition to these, SparkFun provides curriculum, online training with tutorials to expose the amazing embedded electronics world. Please refer to this link to place an order of electronic components – Sparkfun.
eBay
eBay is a multinational e-commerce company located in San Jose, California. This company provides C2C and B2B sales. This corporation handles the website of eBay where the customers and business people sell and buy different types of goods globally. This website is not commercial for use; however, sellers are charged some fees for listing goods. Please refer to this link to place an order of electronic components – eBay.
Alibaba
Alibaba is the largest e-commerce company with the biggest investment in worldwide. This company provides C2C, B2B, B2C sales in the world. Its sales and profits have exceeded compared with all USA sellers. It has been growing into the media industry with triple percentage points of revenues every year. Please refer to this link to place an order of electronic components – Alibaba.
Amazon
Amazon is an American e-commerce company located in Seattle, Washington. It is one of the largest companies with Google, Facebook, and Apple. Amazon is recognized for its capability to disturb well-established business through technical improvement & mass scale. It is the world’s largest e-commerce marketplace with an AI associate provider, & cloud computing platform when measured by income and market capitalization. It is the biggest Internet Corporation by profits in the world and one of the world’s most expensive companies. Please refer to this link to place an order of electronic components – Amazon.
FindChips
FindChips is the top electronic components distributors globally. By searching in FindChips one can save their time as well as money. FindChips offers electronic parts with instant stock & pricing, component price comparison, and components like ICs, transistors, semiconductors, resistors, etc. Please refer to this link to place an order of electronic components – FindChips.
Element14
Element14 provides good service in distributing products with good service & solutions for designing electronic systems. The operations of element14 in worldwide include the US, Europe, & Asia Pacific areas. They provide better customer service on websites with a local language, currency, wide range of products along with delivery options to reach the customer’s requirements around the world. Please refer to this link to place an order of electronic components – Element14.
Robokits
Robokits is a fast-raising e-commerce site in India and they provide a sales distribution system for robotic devices. This was founded in the year 2007 and is presently located in Gandhi Nagar, Gujarat, India. The main concept of Robokits is to design commercial and efficient electronics solutions for robotic devices that are used in different applications like industrial, hobby, educational, and other investigate and expansion efforts. Please refer to this link to place an order of electronic components – Robokits.
Matha Electronics
Matha Electronics is located in Pallimuku in Ernakulam. They provide electronic components, security systems, electronic project kits, home theatre, industrial components, computer accessories, electronic books, laptop accessories, remotes, domestic-led products, inverter, etc. They supply a lot of customers like hobbyists, businesses, and institutions. Please refer to this link to place an order of electronic components – Matha Electronics.
Mouser
Mouser Electronics is a universal foremost approved semiconductor & electronic components distributor for manufacturing companies. They supply different products like semiconductors, electromechanical, passives, and interconnect components. It has a strong assurance toward customer service. The service they provide for the customers is a well-known global customer service excellence.
Some more online sites to buy electronic components are listed below.
- http://kitsnspares.com/
- http://www.freetronics.com/collections/kits
- http://www.jameco.com/
- http://www.ventor.co.in/
- http://embeddedmarket.com/
- http://www.canakit.com/
- http://www.onlinetps.com/
- http://www.bhashatech.com/
- http://uk.farnell.com/
- http://www.digibay.in/
- http://hobby2go.com/
- http://www.dnatechindia.com/
- http://potentiallabs.com/
- http://www.tenettech.com/
- http://www.anandtronics.com/
- http://www.nex-robotics.com/
- http://in.mouser.com/
- http://www.simplelabs.co.in/
Testing of Chips
To test a chip easy and short method is to test the IC which present almost all chips. The IC is nothing but a small chip containing the very large and complicated circuit. The different circuit components are generated in a semiconductor material with the help of CMOS Technology. An IC (Integrated Circuit) can’t be repaired and neither it had to be since they come in very cheap cost in comparison to the circuitry they contain. The Question arises in front of us is that how to test an IC and when should we throw or replace the IC
There are four ways to Test an IC and if the IC is fine and in proper working condition then it has to pass all the four conditions.
- Shorting Condition
The purpose of this method is to test if there is a short circuit inside the IC
- Set your multimeter to the continuity mode.
- Connect all of the pins altogether from one of the side in IC to the multimeter cable.
- Take the terminal-cable from multimeter and connect it one by one to each of the pins of another side separately.
- If the beep sound occurs of there is a continuity in more than 50% of the combinations then there is a good chance of the IC to be shorted from inside.
- Leakage Condition In this Method you have to test an IC that weather the package is damaged or is blown. Take the observation of the IC from each of the sides possible, if you see even a little crack, burned mark or it’s broken from either side then the IC is surely to be Damaged or Leaked.
- Heating Condition
In this method we test if an IC is getting overheated unnecessarily.
- Give the voltage supply to the IC as per its operating condition or if it’s on board then turn its supply on.
- Touch the IC with your finger just by starting the voltage supply to it.
- Notice if the IC is getting heat up as it naturally gets or if you are not able to touch it after few 10-12 seconds.
- If the ic is getting heat up extremely faster than the IC is surely to be damaged.
- Input and Output Supply Condition In this we have to test an IC if the output voltage from signal pins of the IC is as per defined voltage or they differ from the specifications. Just an example of IC 74VHC112 which has Dual JK Flip Flop with Preset and Clear mode. The supply voltage to the ic that is Vcc could be 0.5 V to 7V and the output from the Signal/Data pins could be either +0.5V or – 0.5V.
Connect the Vcc to input Voltage and Ground to the Ground of negative of the supply.
Try the different inputs to the flip flop so that you can get logic “1” at-least once on each of the output pins. Measure the voltage of the pin when you’re getting “1” as a logic output. If the voltage is very much different from 0.5V then the IC is not functioning as its best. If You found any of the above four conditions while testing an ic then there are very many chances that your IC is not functioning as it should be and you may need to replace your IC
Q7. Can you explain the framework in details?
Ans. A framework, or software framework, is a platform for developing software applications. It provides a foundation on which software developers can build programs for a specific platform. For example, a framework may include predefined classes and functions that can be used to process input, manage hardware devices, and interact with system software. This streamlines the development process since programmers don't need to reinvent the wheel each time they develop a new application.
A framework is similar to an application programming interface (API), though technically a framework includes an API. As the name suggests, a framework serves as a foundation for programming, while an API provides access to the elements supported by the framework. A framework may also include code libraries, a compiler, and other programs used in the software development process.
Several different types of software frameworks exist. Popular examples include ActiveX and .NET for Windows development, Cocoa for Mac OS X, Cocoa Touch for iOS, and the Android Application Framework for Android. Software development kits (SDKs) are available for each of these frameworks and include programming tools designed specifically for the corresponding framework. For example, Apple's Xcode development software includes a Mac OS X SDK designed for writing and compiling applications for the Cocoa framework.
In many cases, a software framework is supported natively by an operating system. For example, a program written for the Android Application Framework will run on an Android device without requiring other additional files to be installed. However, some applications require a specific framework in order to run. For example, a Windows program may require Microsoft .NET Framework 4.0, which is not installed on all Windows machines (especially PCs running older versions of Windows). In this case, the Microsoft .NET Framework 4 installer package must be installed in order for the program to run.
Here are some popular frameworks that are used in nowadays:
- Ruby on Rails. Ruby on Rails is an extremely productive web application framework written by David Heinemeier Hansson.
- Django. Django is another framework that helps in building quality web applications. ...
- Angular (Also, known as Angular JS)
- ASP.NET
- METEOR
- Laravel
- Express
- Spring
Floor Cleaning Robot Using Arduino
COMPONENTS AND SUPPLIES
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- cardboard
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- Glue bottle
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- Bo Motors
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- wheels
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- IR sensor
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- Arduino uno
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SparkFun Dual H-Bridge motor drivers L298
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- Jumper wires
APps and online services
Arduino IDE
Step 1.
Assemble the Hardware:
Making robot chasi:
Take a piece of cardboard and cut it to make a rectangular shape (choose breadth and length size of cardboard according to your requirements)- Fasten the Bo motors to all the four corners of the rectangle board using screws
- Connect the motors to the motor driver as shown above in the diagram
- Connect the motor driver to the Nodemcu /Arduino as given int the code
- If you use the connection as given above in the diagram you have to make few changes in the code
- Hence to avoid this connect the arduino and motor driver as I have given in the code
- Last step is to connect the ir sensor to microcontroller
- Connect the positive and negative terminal of sensor to the +5 and gnd of arduino or motor driver
- Connect the signal pins of sensor to pin 10 and 7 of Arduino click here
Making Vacuum Turbine / Dust Collector
Making vacuum turbine:
Watch the images as you read the given points
- Take any plastic cup or any cylindrical tube or take an old bottle and cut it.
- Make a hole and place the motor above it as shown in 1st image
- Fix propellor or impellor to it from inside of the cylinder
- Make a hole at the edge of cylindrical cup to let the air out
- Make a hole in robot chasi and place the turbine above the whole such that you can see propellor from the bottom of the car
- Place a wire mesh or net in front of propellor or at the output of the turbine
- Take any cylindrical pipe and wrap sponge or any brush type material to make dust collecting roller
- I have made the dust collecting brush from an old glue bottle and a vessel cleaning sponge
- You can rotate the roller using a motor by connecting motor to the gear of roller
- Or you can leave the roller as it is because the roller rotates automatically due to friction with the floor, as the robot moves forward
- The dust gets collected in the box
- You can watch the above images to get better idea of it.
Step 3: Software:
To add code, you can go through this link in which code is written in c++ code
- When ir sensor detects the floor, it will send the signal 1 and when it detects black line it sends 0 to the arduino/nodemcu.
- When the left ir sensor detects the black strip robot will move right
- When the right ir sensor detects black strip robot will move left
- When both the sensors detect black strip, the robot will stop
- The main logic is the robot tries to move such that the sensors only detect the floor and the track should be present in b/w the sensors.
- For raspberry pi you can go through this link
For multitasking of robot, you can follow the given link to get more details.
Multi-Functional Floor Cleaning Robot for Domestic Environment
A complex custom robot that is used to make big robot with custom chip robot & all customization where single part is not available anywhere.
Design 1. Every robot begins with the design phase. These and other factors must be accounted for in the design: job to be performed; speed of operation; environment of operation; hazardous materials involved; length of reach; path of travel; process variables; human involvement; controller capability; and result of failures. Most manufacturers have a basic machine design to which they incorporate modifications and accessories to meet the specific requirements of the application.
Fabrication 2. Once designed, the base, arms, column, and supports are fabricated. The base is
usually heavy, to prevent the robot from tipping over. It is made by casting or by welding, then machined. Many robot manufacturers use robots to weld parts for new ones. Those areas that mate with the rest of the robot are machined with close dimensional control to assure proper fit and operation of the attaching components. Likewise, the main column and arms are constructed to fit accurately into the final assembly.
Assembly
Robots are assembled using a substantial amount of purchased components such as electric motors, hydraulic cylinders, bearings, wiring, controllers, and other important parts. An industrial robot can contain 2,000 individual parts and is assembled by teams. These teams begin with the base, and assemble components into the robot until it is complete and ready for testing and finishing.
To begin the assembly process, mobile robots first have the traction motors, batteries, axles, wheels, and tires mounted. Stationary robots do not require these items. They are temporarily bolted to the floor for stability during assembly. The moving columns and arms are sub assembled with their respective drive motors and then attached to the base. The base contains a ring gear that is motor driven to provide the turning motion. It must mate closely with the drive gear contained in the column. Thrust bearings support the weight of column and arms on the base. A magnetic scale surrounds the bearing and provides electronic position feedback to the controller.
Link 3. The next joint is the link. It acts like an elbow, and connects the arm to the base. A stabilizer support provides positional control to the link, allowing it to move in a predetermined path. These components contain bearing mounts into which pivot shafts are bolted. Each bearing is relubricated or provided with a lubrication line or fitting. The link contains a position sensor which provides another position signal to the controller.
Arm 4. The arm is assembled onto the upright portion of the link. It provides the most "reach" to the robot and supports the wrist. The arm contains the drive shafts that operate the wrist. Three motors, or a combination of motors and hydraulic cylinders, are
An industrial robot can contain 2,000 individual parts and is assembled by teams. These teams begin with the base, and assemble components into the robot until it is complete and ready for testing and finishing.
connected to the drive shafts. Since the arm and link joint must withstand the entire load of the wrist, this is accomplished with large bearings and a pivot pin.
Wrist 5. The wrist is the critical mechanism of the robot. It is the wrist that most replicates human motion by twisting and turning to place the paint gun, welder, or other tool in the correct position. Many robots also have load-sensing electronics in the wrist to signal when an obstruction has been hit, or when a load is too heavy to safely pick up. Additional position sensors and tool control electronics are also assembled into the arm and wrist.
Wiring to the controller 6. Once the mechanical assembly has been completed, the wiring and plumbing of the robot can be finished. All of the motor's sensors and electrical components must have wires for power and to carry information back to the control computer. Occasionally, unused space in the arms and base provides a handy place to mount some of the controller electronics, shortening the wiring paths. Hydraulic and air cylinders have hoses that carry pressure to operate them, controlled from the valves in the base. Most of these wires and hoses are routed back to the controller cabinet which, for mobile robots, is attached to the base. If the robot is stationary, this controller is usually mounted several feet away and is connected by an umbilical cord. After assembly, the arms and column of the robot are sometimes covered with guards and shields to protect them from paint spray, welding sparks, or other hazards in the environment.
Installation
Installation occurs at the user's site. If / stationary, the robot is secured to the floor with bolts. If moving, a guide wire is buried into the floor for the robot to follow from task to task. It follows the wire by radio signals and also uses the wire to communicate with the central controller. Recently, lasers have been used to eliminate the wire. The robot is guided through its path by a laser beam reflected off the walls. Some designs also incorporate video cameras. Stationary applications usually require that fences be constructed around the robot so an unsuspecting human doesn't wander into the robot's work area and be injured. After installation, the robot manufacturer usually provides operation and maintenance training to the customer.
Quality Control
Testing consists of two parts: functional accuracy and a process known as "burn-in." Once the assembled robot is energized with power, a computer program instructs the controller to move the robot arm through a series of motions. Accurate recordings of these motions are made, any problems corrected. Then the robot is placed into operation continuously for several hours. This is called burn-in, and it serves two functions. First, any loss of accuracy can be detected using the data from the functional test. Such an instance would indicate a design problem, loose assembly, defective bearing, or the like. Second, the trial run brings the electronics and hydraulics up to operating temperature. This is important because the controller is programmed with correction factors called offsets. These offsets compensate the feedback from the position sensors to allow for temperature variation of the components. With the machine warmed up, the programmer can place the correction factors into the program to provide optimum performance.
By taking this reference model you can make a complex custom robot that is used to make big robo with custom chip robot & with all customization.
The most recommended website from the roboticist to buy all robots parts is
"element14"
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